Hearing aids, mouth guards, dental implants, and other highly tailored structures are often products of 3D printing. These structures are typically made via vat photopolymerization — a form of 3D printing that uses patterns of light to shape and solidify a resin, one layer at a time.
The process also involves printing structural supports from the same material to hold the product in place as it’s printed. Once a product is fully formed, the supports are removed manually and typically thrown out as unusable waste.
MIT engineers have found a way to bypass this last finishing step, in a way that could significantly speed up the 3D-printing process. They developed a resin that turns into two different kinds of solids, depending on the type of light that shines on it: Ultraviolet light cures the resin into an highly resilient solid, while visible light turns the same resin into a solid that is easily dissolvable in certain solvents.
The team exposed the new resin simultaneously to patterns of UV light to form a sturdy structure, as well as patterns of visible light to form the structure’s supports. Instead of having to carefully break away the supports, they simply dipped the printed material into solution that dissolved the supports away, revealing the sturdy, UV-printed part.
The supports can dissolve in a variety of food-safe solutions, including baby oil. Interestingly, the supports could even dissolve in the main liquid ingredient of the original resin, like a cube of ice in water. This means that the material used to print structural supports could be continuously recycled: Once a printed structure’s supporting material dissolves, that mixture can be blended directly back into fresh resin and used to print the next set of parts — along with their dissolvable supports.
The researchers applied the new method to print complex structures, including functional gear trains and intricate lattices.
Tiny, 3-D printed gears using their new resin, move just like typical gears of another material.
Credit: Courtesy of the researchers; MIT News
“You can now print — in a single print — multipart, functional assemblies with moving or interlocking parts, and you can basically wash away the supports,” says graduate student Nicholas Diaco. “Instead of throwing out this material, you can recycle it on site and generate a lot less waste. That’s the ultimate hope.”
He and his colleagues report the details of the new method in a paper appearing today in Advanced Materials Technologies. The MIT study’s co-authors include Carl Thrasher, Max Hughes, Kevin Zhou, Michael Durso, Saechow Yap, Professor Robert Macfarlane, and Professor A. John Hart, head of MIT’s Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Waste removal
Conventional vat photopolymerization (VP) begins with a 3D computer model of a structure to be printed — for instance, of two interlocking gears. Along with the gears themselves, the model includes small support structures around, under, and between the gears to keep every feature in place as the part is printed. This computer model is then sliced into many digital layers that are sent to a VP printer for printing.
A standard VP printer includes a small vat of liquid resin that sits over a light source. Each slice of the model is translated into a matching pattern of light that is projected onto the liquid resin, which solidifies into the same pattern. Layer by layer, a solid, light-printed version of the model’s gears and supports forms on the build platform. When printing is finished, the platform lifts the completed part above the resin bath. Once excess resin is washed away, a person can go in by hand to remove the intermediary supports, usually by clipping and filing, and the support material is ultimately thrown away.
“For the most part, these supports end up generating a lot of waste,” Diaco says.
Print and dip
Diaco and the team looked for a way to simplify and speed up the removal of printed supports and, ideally, recycle them in the process. They came up with a general concept for a resin that, depending on the type of light that it is exposed to, can take on one of two phases: a resilient phase that would form the desired 3D structure and a secondary phase that would function as a supporting material but also be easily dissolved away.
After working out some chemistry, the team found they could make such a two-phase resin by mixing two commercially available monomers, the chemical building blocks that are found in many types of plastic. When ultraviolet light shines on the mixture, the monomers link together into a tightly interconnected network, forming a tough solid that resists dissolution. When the same mixture is exposed to visible light, the same monomers still cure, but at the molecular scale the resulting monomer strands remain separate from one another. This solid can quickly dissolve when placed in certain solutions.
In benchtop tests with small vials of the new resin, the researchers found the material did transform into both the insoluble and soluble forms in response to ultraviolet and visible light, respectively. But when they moved to a 3D printer with LEDs dimmer than the benchtop setup, the UV-cured material fell apart in solution. The weaker light only partially linked the monomer strands, leaving them too loosely tangled to hold the structure together.
Diaco and his colleagues found that adding a small amount of a third “bridging” monomer could link the two original monomers together under UV light, knitting them into a much sturdier framework. This fix enabled the researchers to simultaneously print resilient 3D structures and dissolvable supports using timed pulses of UV and visible light in one run.
The team applied the new method to print a variety of intricate structures, including interlocking gears, intricate lattices, a ball within a square frame, and, for fun, a small dinosaur encased in an egg-shaped support that dissolved away when dipped in solution.
“With all these structures, you need a lattice of supports inside and out while printing,” Diaco says. “Removing those supports normally requires careful, manual removal. This shows we can print multipart assemblies with a lot of moving parts, and detailed, personalized products like hearing aids and dental implants, in a way that’s fast and sustainable.”
“We’ll continue studying the limits of this process, and we want to develop additional resins with this wavelength-selective behavior and mechanical properties necessary for durable products,” says professor of mechanical engineering John Hart. “Along with automated part handling and closed-loop reuse of the dissolved resin, this is an exciting path to resource-efficient and cost-effective polymer 3D printing at scale.”
This research was supported, in part, by the Center for Perceptual and Interactive Intelligence (InnoHK) in Hong Kong, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. Office of Naval Research, and the U.S. Army Research Office.
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