How National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) Uses SLA and SLS 3D Printers for Coral Research

Corals are colonial organisms, typically made up of thousands or hundreds of thousands of individual polyps, each with a complex consortium of microorganisms that contribute to their health and nutrition. Reef-building corals secrete calcium carbonate, a hard rock-like material that comprises structures we commonly call reef framework or habitat. This habitat and the entire reef ecosystem it supports is extremely valuable, hosting the single highest concentration of biodiversity in the marine realm; often termed the “rainforests of the sea.”  From an anthropocentric perspective, they provide billions of dollars of value to the US economy, supporting fisheries, tourism, and protecting shorelines from wave energy and storms.

Coral are vital to the health of the global ecosystem and the global economy, but their own health is failing rapidly. A study published in One Earth found that since 1950, over half the global population of coral has been wiped out. Anthropogenic, or human-caused, factors like water pollution, habitat destruction, and global warming from the use of fossil fuels, industrial farming, and deforestation, are the primary cause of the massive loss in coral population.

To fight coral reef loss, scientists and researchers at NOAA and their partner institutions are utilizing innovative methods to survey coral in the wild, reproduce certain conditions under controlled settings in labs, and then cultivate new species of coral that can better withstand the extreme environments of today. The AOML Coral Program where Formel works, in partnership with the University of Miami’s Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS) has turned to 3D printing to facilitate their field and lab research. Using Formlabs printers has helped standardize, as well as improve the accuracy and comparability of, their experiments, and facilitated the development of new technologies.

To identify characteristics of coral that will thrive in a new, more extreme marine environment, Formel and his colleagues look for coral that are currently thriving under conditions expected in a more acidified ocean, like those near volcanic vents. The team created a subsurface automated sampler (SAS) to collect water samples on coral reefs to help understand the intensity and variability of the conditions in which these coral are living. They made the design of these samplers open source so other groups across the world could use this tool. Utilizing 3D printing helped keep the cost of the sampler low, to allow the construction and deployment of many samplers without large funding budgets. The automation allows for synchronized sampling to give researchers an idea of exactly what’s happening in the water at different times or at multiple locations.

“The automation of sampling was an appealing idea to improve our science and improve the ease of carrying out that science,” says Formel. “You can have a synchronized sampling time that shows exactly what’s happening in the water chemistry at different sites.”

Inside the Experimental Reef Lab (ERL) at the University of Miami’s marine campus, Formel and scientists in the AOML Coral Program maintain multiple identical aquarium systems meant to simulate different conditions in reef environments. Each of these aquariums maintain control of a suite of environmental variables, including water acidity, temperature, light, and flow rate, among others.

Scientific sensors and equipment in a saltwater aquarium environment require waterproof housings and robust and reliable mounts to avoid being damaged by splashed water and the corrosive salt air.

Being able to 3D print watertight housings and assemblies allowed them to introduce automation into husbandry of the experimental aquariums as well. By creating a 3D printed housing for splash proof feeders, they automated the feeding of corals throughout the night, eliminating hours of labor and improving and standardizing the timing of feeding events for coral.

Another 3D printed creation was a waterproof stir-plate housing. They wanted to be able to control water mixing in a closed chamber within their tanks. Stir plates are common enough, but waterproof stir plates are expensive. Instead of purchasing them, the team used a computer fan motor, connected that to a wire that was enclosed within a Formlabs printed housing, secured the lid with an O-ring and an acrylic faceplate, sealed the wire with epoxy, and created their own waterproof stir plate for $30 of materials. The submersible stirplate was incorporated into a novel open-source  incubation chamber system for rapid assessment of coral fitness, keeping costs low and the technology accessible, while standardizing and streamlining the research being done.

Both the field sampling and the in-house aquarium results provide a wealth of data to help researchers understand how coral could survive in harsh conditions. Through funding from NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program, the AOML Coral program is working to identify more resilient corals, and their mechanisms of resilience, to help regrow the coral reefs that are such an important part of the marine ecosystem and the global economy. But one lab can’t do it alone, so Formel and his team make their tools, including their 3D designs and parts, totally open-source, to spread knowledge and awareness about their methods and results.

“One term we use is ‘democratize science’. We want to make it easier for everyone to use the same tools, and these printers have really helped us step up that effort. The potential for new things to get created that no one has thought of before has increased with 3D printing because of the accessibility. Prior to this job, I’d never invented a part, and now I do it all the time.” says Formel.

To encourage that same spirit of invention in younger generations, NOAA AOML and the University of Miami bring students from middle school through graduate school to the lab for educational sessions and tours. These future scientists, engineers, and innovators are able to get exposure to 3D printing technology as well as witness first-hand how the science of climate protection and restoration works.