Mapping a 3D printing process as a continuous digital process chain, from the component design through production and post-processing, is the logical consequence of a digital additive manufacturing strategy.
This objective, as set by AIM3D, has been taken up by the Naddcon research and development center in Lichtenfels, Germany, which specializes in additive manufacturing. The main task of the partnership with AIM3D was to embed a classic, industrial design tool into the process chain—in this case, the Siemens NX package. The NX tool contains extensive CAD, CAM, and CAE solutions already used for the conventional manufacturing of components in the machining industry. Naddcon integrated an ExAM 255 from AIM3D into the NX environment to make the 3D CEM system accessible as a digital 3D machining system.
However, this integration of NX is just one of many options in the open machine concept of AIM3D’s multimaterial 3D printers. As the example of the NX tool shows, users can now make use of an alternative approach to operate 3D printers and to generate G-code. In light of this, Sebastian Kallenberg, project engineer at Naddcon, provided insights into the continuous digital process chain of a 3D printing process with an ExAM 255 from AIM3D.
The bridge between the machine firmware of AIM3D and the CAD/CAM environment of Siemens NX integrates the 3D printer as a CAM processing machine. With CAD, CAM, and CAE approaches, NX offers the user a comprehensive tool for the design and iterative optimization of additive components. Based on a desired requirement profile, the 3D components can be optimized in terms of bionics, free-form surfaces, selective densities (i.e., variable filling strategies), and weight reductions (for example, grid structures). The fibers can also be laid down in an optimized manner with respect to the force flow, which defines the stiffness or elasticity as well as the mechanical load capacity.
In addition, a database system and powerful simulation models are available. This means that the entire 3D printing process, from design to production, can be better controlled, components can be optimally designed, and at the same time a high reproducibility can be achieved.
In general, it can be said that NX enables an exact machine simulation. More precisely, this means that traversing speeds, extruder performance, and temperatures can be controlled with pinpoint accuracy, depending on the component geometry.
Free-form surface machining in 3D CEM printing
A key term in free-form surface machining is multi-axis deposition. Originally developed by DMG Mori for laser-beam buildup welding, the tool has since been extended to FDM/FFF. In fused deposition modeling, strands of material are deposited onto a surface. These strands are obtained by melting a polymer and continuously extruding it through a nozzle, followed by the material hardening due to cooling at the desired position of the working plane. The buildup of a component is usually done by repeatedly creating one working plane at a time, line by line, and then moving the working plane upward in a “stacking” manner so a shape is created, layer by layer. NX allows for the generation of tool paths along curved surfaces. This way, true 3D paths that create planes independently can be generated.
Using this technology in process development can eliminate the staircase effect typical of AM processes. The result is a true 3D contour of a solid body.
Integrating the ExAM 255 from AIM3D into the NX environment
Naddcon’s Kallenberg designed the required steps for the integration based on a standardized component made of PA6 GF30 (demonstrator), the design of which was to be optimized using NX.
The first step was to build a kinematic model of the 3D printer by integrating the CAD model of the ExAM 255 into NX, as well as defining the kinematic axes and determining the machine zero point. The kinematic model enables a machine simulation of the tool paths before the actual production process takes place.
The next step was generating the tool path for the extruder of the AM system. This involves generating trajectories based on machining operations and the component geometry.
The third step was the machine simulation of the ExAM 255, that is, the simulation of the tool path with the associated axis movements of the machine model. The application of the material as well as potential machine collisions can also be simulated. The main aspect here is programming a post-processor to translate the NX tool paths into a numerical G code that the 3D printer can interpret. A G code consists of path conditions (G word) and additional functions (M word), each of which is assigned either a movement or an action. The combination of these commands allows the 3D printer to understand the pattern it must follow to produce the part.
A G code is a programming language used to program numerically controlled machine tools. In 3D printing, it is usually generated automatically by the slicer software when the design is converted to an STL file. Post-processor programming allows for machine-specific adjustments for an improved process control. When using NX, however, an STL format is no longer necessary because the process makes use of solids that are either directly generated within NX or can be imported from a different CAD system.
Demonstrator production
The programming was tested on a sample component made of PA6 GF30, the demonstrator, on the ExAM 255. First, the tool path was generated. Then tests were carried out on the machine to identify the optimal process parameters, but also possible errors in the post-processor. It was possible to apply numerous optimizations to the demonstrator with NX.
The user can vary densities, integrate lattice structures to reduce weight, control shrinkage, apply stiffeners, move “drill holes” to optimally design the entire component, and print it with the 3D printer in a qualified manner.
Kallenberg says, “Our digital NX approach is intended to better exploit the CEM machine technology from a design and production preparation point of view. There is considerable potential here for free-form surfaces, that is, real 3D contours, but also bionic design strategies.”
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